<p>Prospect Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in the Jamaica section of the New York City borough of Queens. It was established in 1668 and known as the "burring plas." The cemetery&#39;s original main gate was on Beaver Road which led from Sutphin Boulevard to Jamaica Avenue. The cemetery was generally known as the Presbyterian burial ground and is one of the few remaining Colonial cemeteries in Queens.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has designated the cemetery as an official city landmark, stating that Prospect Cemetery is the oldest cemetery in New York and that it is regarded as a place of great historical and aesthetic interest, as well as one of the city&#39;s important cultural locations. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Dispute between Anglicans and Presbyterians</h3><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church (founded in 1662) was given control of the care and maintenance of the cemetery after it was taken from the care of the town. There was a dispute between this Church and the Grace Episcopal Church (founded in 1701) in regard to which church would maintain the cemetery. The dispute went back to 1704, When Lord Cornbury became governor, he confiscated the church and the parsonage in Jamaica village and placed them at the disposal of the congregation of the Anglican Church on the grounds that the building had been paid for by public taxation. The Episcopalians then refused the other congregations the use of it. Whereupon, the Presbyterians brought suit and recovered both the parsonage and the church, which they continued to use until the present edifice was built in 1813 on 164th street at 90th ave. Cornbury&#39;s fortunes and that of the Whigs had turned by 1709 when he was accused of persecution of the Presbyterians by confiscating church property and imprisoning their ministers, there was much violence during that period relating to land grabs in New York and elsewhere.</p><br>
<h3>Early arrivals</h3><br>
<p>The cemetery includes approximately 240 family plots containing 2,100 burials and date from the founding of the cemetery to the late 20th century. One such family is the Brinckerhoffs, which carries two Dutch names: “Brenger” meaning messenger and “Hof” meaning court. The first and earliest Brinckerhoff to arrive in New York City was Joris Dirckson, who arrived in North America in 1638 from the European Netherlands for a better life. Furthermore, two researchers from the Rufus King Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution discovered the names of 54 individuals who served as soldiers during the Revolutionary War, who were buried in Prospect Cemetery. The last burial was in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel of the Sisters – 1857</h3><br>
<p>Included on the property as a contributing building is the Chapel of the Sisters, erected in 1857. Nicholas Ludlum was personally responsible for the construction of the “Chapel of the Sisters,” named so to honor his three daughters who died years before. The main highlight within this project was to restore two rose windows decorating the north and south facades of the chapel. It was built as a Romanesque Revival building and measured approximately 40 by 40 feet and 25 feet high. The chapel was restored and in 2008 was re-dedicated as the Illinois Jacquet Performance Space, for the famous jazz saxophonist who lived in Addesleigh park, a jazz enclave in Jamaica. After upgrades that included a new heating plant, new plumbing and electrical systems, replacement wood windows and entry doors, new floors, and other stonework and design improvements, the chapel re-emerged as a concert/event space, which enabled the venue to be used for meetings and presentations.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Before, during, after the 1980s, plans were made by various groups, committees, and individuals to properly maintain and preserve Prospect Cemetery. During this time, Prospect Cemetery had become a location of deterioration and vandalism beneath trash, poison ivy, and broken tombs. Amy Anderson, who took it upon herself to correct this stagnation/problem, stated “My ancestors came here and settled this country. I’m an American. I’m not going to let this go”. Aside from restoring the dignity of the graves within Prospect Cemetery, the cleanup of about an acre of this property helped to destroy an environment conducive to drug trade and crime, as stated by event organizers.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Increase Carpenter – was a member of the secret society Sons of Liberty and served on the Committee of Correspondence, a shadow government behind the colonials. He was also a Colonial Minuteman in the Jamaica militia and Quartermaster in Gen. Geo Washingtons army during the war for independence.</p><br>
<p>Egbert Benson – was a Founding Father of the United States who represented New York in the Continental Congress, and the United States House of Representatives, and who served as a member of the New York State constitutional convention in 1788 which ratified the United States Constitution. Attorney General of the State of New York, Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court, and as a judge and Chief Judge on the United States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit. He is one of the Dutch Americans alongside John Jay to lead the American Revolution</p><br>
<p>Brinkerhoff Family – 110th Ave is their namesake</p><br>
<p>Sutphin Family – The major north-south Sutphin Boulevard is named after this family.</p><br>
<p>Van Wyck family – The Van Wyck Expressway is named after the most famous member, Robert Van Wyck.</p><br>
<p>Remsen Family – Remsens and Carpenters intermarried, Remsen Street in Brooklyn is named after this family.</p><br>
<p>Nostrand Family – Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn is their namesake, also Van Noorstrant</p><br>
<p>Lefferts Family – Lefferts Boulevard in Queens is their namesake</p><br>
<p>Wyckoff-Snediker Family Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in the Woodhaven section of the New York City borough of Queens. It is located behind St. Matthew&#39;s Episcopal Church which closed in 2011. All Saints Congregation undertook renovations which were completed in 2018. It has grave markers that denote burials dating from 1793 to 1892. The cemetery includes 136 members of the Wyckoff and Snediker families, as well as other local Dutch families.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>El Viejo Post Office is a historic post office in downtown Modesto. Built in 1933, the post office houses murals depicting pastoral scenes. The building&#39;s roof is made entirely of terra cotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>The building remained a USA Post Office until 2011 when it was closed and the Federal Government auctioned off the building. It was purchased by an investment group and remodeled, however the original murals that were intact at the end of the Postal service era remain intact. Some of the original murals were removed and lost after a remodeling of the post office in 1960, however two were found recently. The Federal government took the lost murals into custody prior to them being re-hung in their original place. The building currently houses a law office, although the murals and some of the original brass post office boxes remain on display.</p><br>
<p>The Medicine Lodge Peace Treaty Site was the location in present-day Kansas of the signing of the Medicine Lodge Treaty in October 1867 by the United States government with major Western Native American tribes of the region. The treaty, whose peace lasted less than one year, was the first in which the United States formally adopted the policy of attempting to acculturate Native Americans to European ways. The treaty site is located south of Medicine Lodge, around the confluence of Elm Creek and the Medicine Lodge River; it was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1969 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Medicine Lodge Peace Treaty Site is located roughly south of the modern city of Medicine Lodge. The actual site of negotiations and treaty signings is located near the confluence of Elm Creek and the Medicine Lodge River, with Native American encampments (containing as many as 5,000 people) spread along both banks of the river. The area is in a combination of public and private ownership, and is most readily viewed at a distance, from the Memorial Peace Park about 1-1/2 miles to the east. There is a natural amphitheater facing west in the park, which is the site of periodic reenactments of the treaty events.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the American Civil War, westward expansion into the plains of what are now Kansas and Nebraska placed pressure on the local Native American tribes, who contested the encroachments on their land with violence. A punitive expedition led by General Winfield Scott Hancock destroyed a Cheyenne village west of Medicine Lodge in the spring of 1867, leading to calls by peace-favoring politicians for negotiations toward some sort of long-term agreement with the affected tribes. The basic policy proposals worked out in the summer of 1867 included the settlement those tribes on reservations, where they could eventually be "civilized" and learn to adopt the ways of white men.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Peace Commission was created by Congress in July 1867, given powers to agree to terms. In negotiations held here in October 1867, five tribes agreed to terms, which were formalized in three separate treaties known collectively as the Medicine Lodge Treaty. The peace was to be short-lived, as neither side effectively held its end of the bargains, and by the following summer violence was again flaring up.</p><br>
<p>The site of the treaty meetings was identified by a Kiowa spectator of the events in 1922 as being a grove of elm trees on the south bank of Elm Creek, just east of the Medicine Lodge River.</p><br>
<p>The Marais des Cygnes massacre is considered the last significant act of violence in Bleeding Kansas prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War. On May 19, 1858, approximately 30 border ruffians led by Charles Hamilton, a Georgia native and proslavery leader, crossed into the Kansas Territory from Missouri. They arrived at Trading Post, Kansas, in the morning and then headed back to Missouri. Along the way, they captured 11 abolitionist Free-Staters, none of whom were armed and, it is said, none of whom had participated in the ongoing violence. Most of the men knew Hamilton and apparently did not realize he meant them harm. These prisoners were led into a defile, where Hamilton ordered his men to shoot, firing the first and last bullet himself. Five men were killed and five severely wounded. Only one Free-Stater escaped injury.</p><br>
<p>The abolitionist John Brown later built a fort near the site. The site of the massacre is preserved by the Kansas Historical Society as the Marais des Cygnes Massacre State Historic Site, originally called the Marais des Cygnes Massacre Memorial Park. The first commemoration at the site was two stone markers erected by men of the 3rd Iowa Cavalry Regiment in 1864, although these monuments had been destroyed by souvenir hunters by 1895. In 1941, the land where the massacre occurred, as well as an 1870s-era house constructed by a friend of Brown, were transferred to the state of Kansas. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>When the United States Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, it did not directly state whether Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory would allow slavery or not. While Nebraska did not see much controversy, Kansas became a hotly debated area. While the previous Missouri Compromise would have prevented slavery from being practiced in Kansas, the new law left the question open. In response to the new opening, pro-slavery advocates known as border ruffians, many of whom were from Missouri, entered Kansas to illegally vote in an attempt to sway local elections. The New England Emigrant Aid Company also sought to bring anti-slavery settlers into the territory. The elections, which were held on March 30, 1855, resulted in a pro-slavery majority in the Kansas territorial government, who in turn created laws protecting slavery and among other things, outlawing abolitionist literature. Abolitionist sentiment was strong near Lawrence, and several prominent Lawrence residents formed the Free State Party to organize resistance to the pro-slavery government in September. In October, the free-staters drafted the Topeka Constitution, which sought to create an abolitionist government in the state. There were now both pro-and anti-slavery governments vying for control of Kansas; President of the United States Franklin Pierce supported the pro-slavery government as the lawful one.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1855, the political disturbances transitioned into a period of sporadic violence known as Bleeding Kansas. On May 21, 1856, the Sack of Lawrence was carried out by several hundred supporters of slavery. While there were no fatalities, several buildings were burned down and newspaper equipment was destroyed. Later that month, John Brown, an abolitionist, led a group that murdered five pro-slavery southerners in a single night, an event that became known as the Pottawatomie massacre.</p><br>
<h3>Massacre</h3><br>
<p>On May 19, a border ruffian named Charles Hamilton led a group of about 30 men on a ride through the settlement of Trading Post. Hamilton was a slaveowner who had been driven from Linn County to Missouri by James Montgomery and sought revenge. After taking 11 local free-staters hostage from their homes and fields, the border ruffians forced them into a nearby ravine and began shooting at them. 10 of the men were hit by the fire, five of them fatally. The wife of one of the victims followed the border ruffians to the site, and attempted to give medical treatment to the wounded. Later that day, other locals gathered at the area, aiding the wounded and disposing of the bodies of the dead. Rumor spread that the massacre had been planned in a building known as the Western Hotel; Montgomery unsuccessfully attempted to burn it down on June 5.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton and his gang returned to Missouri. Only one man was ever prosecuted for his involvement in the massacre: William Griffith of Bates County, Missouri. In the spring of 1863, Griffith was recognized and arrested. That October, he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. Griffith was hanged on October 30, 1863. Charles Hamilton returned to Georgia, where he died in 1880.</p><br>
<p>Land south of the ravine where the massacre occurred was owned by a local blacksmith, who later sold the site to Charles Hadsall, a friend of Brown. In late June, Brown built a two-story log fort south of the ravine; Hadsall allowed him to keep a military post at the site. Brown abandoned the fort later that summer.</p><br>
<h2>Commemoration</h2><br>
<p>The incident horrified the USA and inspired John Greenleaf Whittier to write a poem on the murders, "Le Marais du Cygne", which appeared in the September 1858 The Atlantic Monthly.</p><br>
<p>Commemoration of the massacre began in late October 1864, when men of the 3rd Iowa Cavalry Regiment erected two stone markers at the site, after the Battle of Mine Creek during the American Civil War. In 1889, on the anniversary of the battle, a formal monument to the victims was dedicated in a cemetery at Trading Post. By 1895, souvenir hunters had largely destroyed the 1864 markers. Hadsall, probably in the 1870s, built a stone house next to the fort site. A spring was enclosed by the house, although the fort itself was destroyed by sightseers. In 1941, a Veterans of Foreign Wars post donated the site of the massacre and Hadsall&#39;s house to the state of Kansas, which designated it as the Marais des Cygnes Massacre Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>From 19611962, the home underwent a renovation, after which it was transferred to Kansas Historical Society administration. In 1964, part of the house was transitioned into use as a museum. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971, with a reference number of 71000317. It was further listed as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) on May 30, 1974. The area is still rural. Signs provide interpretation of the events of the massacre, and a hand-cranked device plays an audio recording. The NHL-designated area incorporates 43 acres. As of October 2020, the site is open from dusk to dawn. No admission fee is charged, and visits are self-guided. The Hadsall house still stands and can be viewed from the exterior. Sites designed for picnicing are also present at the park.</p><br>
<p>Overlook Castle or Seely Castle is a historic house in Asheville, North Carolina. It was built from 1912 to 1914 for Fred Loring Seely, the son-in-law of Edwin Wiley Grove. He built the castle after his father-in-law gave him ten acres on top of Sunset Mountain. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 22, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house has had five known owners. The Seelys lived there until 1942, when Mr. Seely died at age 70. In the winter of 1949, Evelyn Grove Seely, daughter of entrepreneur Edwin Wiley Grove and widow of Fred Seely, offered to sell her former home to the second owner, Asheville-Biltmore College. The college was there from 1949 to 1961, until they outgrew the available facilities. The limited area for developing new buildings caused the trustees to move the college to its current site on the northern edge of Asheville. The third owner was Mr. Jerry Sternberg. He upgraded the heating system from coal to oil fuel and put a new roof on the structure. He planned to turn the house into a museum but his plan never came to fruition. He then sought to turn the facility over to a non-profit organization. Overlook Ministries was the fourth owner. The fifth and current owner is the Wells family. They acquired it in 1984 and restored it.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The castle has two large glass windows that offer a panoramic view of Asheville. There are Jacobean ceilings. The castle is situated on the top of the mountain and is surrounded by English gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Lorenzo Palmer and Ruth Wells House is a privately owned house located at 760 Maple Grove Avenue in the city of Hudson in westernmost Lenawee County, Michigan, United States. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic State and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lorenzo Palmer was born in Litchfield, Connecticut in 1803. His parents moved Delaware County, New York, and Palmer later moved to Chautauqua County, New York and taught school. In 1824 he married Ruth Wells, and the couple had eight children. In 1843, they moved to Hudson, and the next year bought the lot on which this house stands. In 1845, they built this house, likely doing the work himself. Ruth Wells Palmer died in 1853, and Palmer married Nancy Gamble. Lorenzo Palmer died in 1874.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 1845 Palmer house was built in the style of Greek Revival. It is one of the oldest houses in Hudson and shares a similar design to other houses built in Connecticut and New York at the time. While Palmer was one of many New York natives who moved to Michigan in the 1830s and 1840s, his house is unique among Lenawee County&#39;s early houses and retains most of its original characteristics.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story central hall plan I-house with a front porch extending the entire length of the front. It sits on a stone foundation and is shingled. The entry door is flanked by beveled glass, and two windows flank the door. The second floor contains five windows. All windows are wood sash, double-hung windows, and either six-over-six, or eight-over-eight. The gable ends of the house display the frieze and cornice returns typical of Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, a hallway runs through the length of the house, and a closed staircase leads up to two upper bedrooms. On the main floor are a parlor and formal dining room. Two modern additions contain a kitchen, family room, and master bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The Fairfield Inn was an historic hotel building located on Fairfield Lake near US Highway 64 in Cashiers, Jackson County, North Carolina. It was built in 1896-1898, and consisted of a 2 1/2-story main block with two rear wings. The Queen Anne style frame building featured three massive singled gables, hipped dormers, a three-story corner turret, elliptical windows, and a one-story lakeside verandah. The hotel had 100 rooms.</p><br>
<p>In July, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally built in 1896 near a former gold mine on Lake Fairfield and added to in the early 1900s. It stood on Lake Fairfield near US 64 until 1986. Never renovated, a fire in 1986 exposed the fact the hotel was unsafe and it was demolished later that year.</p><br>
<p>The Jarrett House is a historic hotel and restaurant located near the intersection of US Highways 23 and 441 in Dillsboro, Jackson County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The three-story frame hotel with a triple-tiered porch is the dominant building of downtown Dillsboro. It combines traditional and modest Victorian decorative elements. It is one of the few remaining grand Southern Railway (USA) Resort Hotels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed around 1884</p><br>
<p>The 23-room hotel has had a number of additions and modifications since its construction. In 1894, Dills sold the business to R. Frank Jarrett and his sons. Due to a sulphur spring bubbling into a soapstone basin behind the hotel, they renamed it Jarrett Springs Hotel. Around 1910, the hotel was moderately expanded. A wing was added on the west end and the east end of the first floor front porch was enclosed.</p><br>
<p>When Frank Jarrett died in 1949, the hotel was sold to W. W. Faw. Faw renamed the business "The Jarrett House." The property changed owners several times between 1956 and 1961. Janet and Percival Lowe bought the hotel in 1961. They sold it to James and Barbara Jean Hartbarger in 1975.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, The Jarrett House was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and lot were auctioned for back taxes, selling for $120,000 on October 26, 2020. It was again sold at auction in January 2021 to Chris Ellsworth for $300,000. On August 12, 2022, a man working on the metal roof fell to his death. The building was still being restored as of February 2023 and has not reopened as of July 2024.</p><br>
<p>Webster Baptist Church, is an historic Southern Baptist church located at the intersection of NC 116 and SR 1340, near Webster, Jackson County, North Carolina. It was built in 1900, and is a one-story, three-bay, rectangular Vernacular Victorian style church. It has a steep gable roof, engaged three stage bell tower, and tall round-headed windows. The church retains its original furniture built and donated by local master cabinetmaker Joseph Warrenton Cowan  and his son, Lawrence Cowan.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building is the landmark building of the town of Webster, North Carolina, and still serves as a church. It was added to and renovated in 1953 and 1998. It sits across the Tuckasegee River from the hill on which the downtown area of Webster was once located, and was originally built in 1900. The building is not actually within the city limits of Webster. It was built when Webster was a thriving town with a Courthouse, many businesses, homes, and people. Today Webster is a quiet residential area with two churches, a cemetery, older Victorian homes, 1920s-1950s homes, newer homes, and an old rock WPA Schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>Asheville City Hall, is a historic Art Deco brick and stone governmental office building located on Court Plaza in Asheville, North Carolina, United States. It serves as the seat of the government of the City of Asheville. It is located in the Downtown Asheville Historic District and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The buildings unique shape and colorful exterior have made it an iconic Asheville landmark and a symbol for the city, reflected by the use of its silhouette in the citys seal.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The building is one of the Art Deco masterpieces of Asheville. It was designed by renowned architect Douglas Ellington, whose other works in the city include Asheville High School and the First Baptist Church of Asheville. It was constructed from 1926 to 1928. Intended to be a twin to the new Buncombe County Courthouse, the adjacent courthouse was built in a more conservative and classic style, and much taller than the city hall. A wing connecting them together was planned, but never built. The building still serves the City of Asheville, while the Courthouse has undergone many renovations and expansions.</p><br>
<p>The City Council Chamber is decorated by five murals by painter Clifford Addams.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Curtis House is a historic residence in far southern Washington County, Ohio, United States. Located south of Little Hocking, Built of brick with elements of stone, it was the home of local politician Walter Curtis. During the nineteenth century, Curtis held such offices as Washington County Commissioner, associate judge, and Ohio state representative; his son Austin was later also elected to the Ohio House of Representatives.</p><br>
<h2>Earlier history</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1787, which he had purchased from land speculators in the previous year, Walters father Ebenezer constructed a substantial two-story log house, which was seen as superior to all other houses in the surrounding area at the time of its completion. Walter acquired the entire farm after his fathers death, buying the property that had been left to the other heirs and purchasing adjacent land from other owners. Here, he constructed the present Greek Revival house from bricks laid in common bond with a gabled roof. As the years passed, Curtis established himself in local society, both as a legislator and as a leading participant in the commerce of the nearby Ohio River. Along with his brother Horace, he operated a business that transported freight by keelboat between river ports such as Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charleston, Virginia, and Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Walter Curtis died in 1876; following his death, the farm passed into the hands of his descendants, who continued to own it into the 1920s. His family members changed their home very little; during the late twentieth century, architectural historians recognized it as one of southeastern Ohios best examples of an early Greek Revival farmhouse. In 1980, the Walter Curtis House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of a leading local citizen. It is one of six Belpre Township sites to have received this designation: three houses and a bridge in the city of Belpre have also been so designated, as has the home of Walters brother Horace in Little Hocking.</p><br>
<p>Palatka Water Works is a former water pumping facility in Palatka, Florida. Built in 1886, this building provided residents with fresh water for more than 100 years. Today the building houses the Water Works Environmental Education Center. The center is used for educational school programs and community events. Trained volunteers from the St. Johns River Water Management District&#39;s Watershed Action Volunteer Program conduct programs for school children and adults to educate them about water resources, focusing on water conservation and protecting the St. Johns River. On March 13, 2023, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel Joseph Barker House is a historic residence in Washington County, Ohio, United States. Located north of Marietta, in the Muskingum Township community of Devola, it has changed little since its construction in the early nineteenth century, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Barker&#39;s life</h2><br>
<p>Born in Newmarket, New Hampshire in 1765, Joseph Barker moved his family to Ohio in 1789. After practicing carpentry in Marietta and serving in the militia during the Northwest Indian War, in 1795 he settled along the Muskingum River, about 7 mi above Marietta. The family soon returned to that village, as their property and all of their stores were destroyed by fire in the following winter. Undaunted, they returned northward, becoming one of the first families to settle in Wisemans Bottom along the river. Within a few years of settling in Ohio, Barker became a prominent member of local society: he was promoted to colonel of the militia during the war, was named a justice of the peace in 1799, and was elected to serve as the judge of Washington Countys common pleas court from 1830 to 1842. Key to Barker&#39;s prominence in the community was his important skilled trade: besides being a carpenter, he was a capable architect and shipbuilder. Among the many ships that he built at his farm were some that were ultimately used for the Burr expedition.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Barkers daughter, Frances Dana Barker Gage, was a writer, and a leading American reformer, feminist and abolitionist. Barkers manuscript, Recollections, provides details of pioneer history regarding the first permanent American settlement of the new United States in the Northwest Territory.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Barkers house is a rectangular two-story structure completed in 1811. Measuring three bays wide, the facade features a central entrance with a large fanlight and sidelights flanking the doorway. All three windows on the facades second story are placed within brick arches that are recessed into the wall of the house. Built of brick, the house rests on a foundation of sandstone and is covered with a slate roof. As one of Ohio&#39;s first master builders, Barker was responsible for constructing many prominent buildings in Marietta and vicinity; as the first such structure to be completed, the Barker House occupies a significant place in the architecture of the Marietta region. Contributing to its importance is its rarity and its unusually good state of preservation: few changes have been made to the house in the two centuries since its construction, and almost none of the other buildings designed by Barker have survived to the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the Colonel Joseph Barker House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Qualifying it for this distinction were its historically significant architecture and its association with Barker himself. It is one of thirty-five Washington County places to be listed on the Register; among the other thirty-four is the home of the colonel&#39;s son, Joseph Jr., which lies along State Route 7 above Marietta.</p><br>
<p>Leadville National Fish Hatchery established in 1889 west of Leadville, Colorado is one of 70 hatcheries in the National Fish Hatchery System. It is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It lies within the Mount Massive Wilderness, most of whose area lies within San Isabel National Forest and which is managed by the United States Forest Service.</p><br>
<p>Leadville National Fish Hatchery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Gettysburg Armory is a former National Guard armory which is located in Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The 61x96 ft (44 ft high) Art Deco facility was constructed as a $43,331 Works Projects Administration project for the local National Guard unit (commanded by Lt Ralph C. Deitrick in 1933).</p><br>
<p>The two-story building housed a garage and repair shop for military vehicles, a classroom, administrative space, and a drill hall.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning, the Armory was used not only by the National Guard, but also by the local community, for sporting events and community meetings. In 1944, the Gettysburg Armory was used as a temporary German Prisoner of War camp while the official camp was being constructed on the Gettysburg Battlefield. Later the building was designated as a public fallout shelter by the National Fallout Shelter Survey.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the building was vacated by Battery B, 1/108th Field Artillery after a new readiness center was constructed in South Mountain. In 2013, the Armory was transferred to the private sector by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>The Judge Joseph Barker House is a historic residence in southern Washington County, Ohio, United States. Located along State Route 7 southwest of the community of Newport, Constructed in 1832,</p><br>
<p>The house was built as the home of Joseph Barker Jr., whose parents moved to the newly founded village of Marietta in 1789. As a skilled builder of both buildings and ships, his father Joseph was a leading member of local society. Although the family spent some time living in Marietta during the Northwest Indian War and during a winter after their farm was destroyed by fire, they typically lived on a property several miles up the Muskingum River from its mouth at Marietta. Like his father, who held the office from 1830 to 1842, the younger Barker served on the Washington County Court of Common Pleas during the middle of the nineteenth century, only leaving office because of his death. Before this time, he had served in the Ohio General Assembly in the early 1830s.</p><br>
<p>Judge Barkers home was constructed by his father Joseph, a colonel in the Ohio militia; although Colonel Barker built many prominent houses throughout Washington County, very few survive to the present day. For this reason, Judge Barkers house is among the most significant of the countys historic buildings. In 1979, the Judge Joseph Barker House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Qualifying it for this distinction were its historically significant architecture and its association with the elder Barker. It is one of thirty-five Washington County places to be listed on the Register; among the other thirty-four is the home of the judges father, which lies along Masonic Home Road north of Marietta. It is no longer a residence, having been converted into a government office under the ownership of the Army Corps of Engineers by the late 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Sprague House is a historic residence in northwestern Washington County, Ohio, United States. Located atop a bluff above the Muskingum River, it is one of Washington County&#39;s most significant houses, due to its age and method of construction.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Sprague and his brothers William and Jonathan migrated to Marietta in 1788, less than a year after it was founded as the first white settlement in the Northwest Territory; there, they soon signed a contract to contribute to the construction of Campus Martius. After living in Marietta for a time, the three men moved to the vicinity of present-day Waterford; Joshua and William later left the area, but Jonathan remained where he had settled. Here, he farmed, pursued the trade of carpentry, and operated a gristmill.</p><br>
<p>At the age of thirty-three, Jonathan constructed the present house. Built in the Federal style of architecture, it is three-and-a-half stories tall and built primarily of large blocks of sandstone. When it was completed in 1800, it was the first stone house to be built anywhere in Washington County. Sprague&#39;s barn, completed in 1803, is also historically significant as one of the oldest extant barns in the county.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Jonathan Sprague House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the barn. Key to this designation was the propertys nature as a rare survivor of Ohios earliest architecture: architectural historians have seen the house as a fine example of the Federal architecture, and the barn — while architecturally undistinctive — is nevertheless an important survivor of the earliest years of Washington County&#39;s history. Located west of Lowell across the Muskingum from State Route 60, it is close to two other historic sites: the Mason House and the Coal Run Historic District, both located in the community of Coal Run, lie approximately 0.75 mi to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The Mortonville Bridge and Mill Race Bridge are stone arch bridges carrying Strasburg Road across the West Branch Brandywine Creek and an abandoned millrace at Mortonville, Pennsylvania. The Mortonville Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1985, while the Mill Race Bridge was added as the Bridge in East Fallowfield Township on June 22, 1988. The Mortonville Bridge was removed from the Register on July 16, 2010, following reconstruction; the Mill Race Bridge remains registered.</p><br>
<p>The first bridges on the site were probably built about 1772 when Strasburg Road was surveyed and constructed. A wooden bridge over the Brandywine was built in 1789. Of the current bridges, the millrace bridge was built about 1800 as a single stone arch, using stone from a local quarry upstream. It spanned the head race for Hayes Mill. A four-arch stone bridge over the Brandywine replaced the 1789 wooden structure in 1826, also using local stone.</p><br>
<p>From the 1980s to 2002, PennDOT put forth a series of plans for the replacement of both bridges by a single modern structure. However, local opposition was considerable, and PennDOT ultimately rebuilt and widened the bridge by 6 feet in 2009 during a 10-month closure. It was closed again in 2010 to lengthen retaining walls on the approach.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Murphy Birthplace, located at 142 S. Huron St. in Harbor Beach, Michigan, is the birthplace of USA Supreme Court justice and Michigan governor Frank Murphy. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Frank Murphy Birthplace house was built in the 1870s. The family later moved into a larger house next door, which is also part of the Frank Murphy Memorial Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Murphy family owned both houses until 1994, when the state of Michigan and the city of Harbor Beach put up money to purchase the property. The city obtained full ownership, and opened up the house as a museum. The museum is open for tours from Memorial Day to Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a 1 ½-story frame building with clapboard siding and a gable roof. The upper windows are double-hung, six-over-six units. A small, single-story wing is attached to the side, which was used as a law office by John F. Murphy, Frank&#39;s father. The interior has a simple four-room layout, and contains a number of furnishings originally owned by the Murphy family.</p><br>
<p>The Hughes-Young House, most commonly known as Mistletoe Villa, is a historic house in Henderson, North Carolina. The house is often cited for its ornate Victorian detail and architectural elements. The first house on the site was built for William H. Hughes and completed in 1855. From 1883 to 1885 the house was significantly redesigned and overbuilt on the previous foundation for Ike J. Young, Civil War Colonel and four-term mayor of Henderson. The design of the current house is attributed to the famed architect Samuel Sloan</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853 Demetrius Ellis Young sold two acres of land to William H. Hughes, which was claimed to be the highest point between Weldon, North Carolina and Raleigh, North Carolina. This land had previously been set aside for an all-male educational academy that had been operating for the last decade. It would instead be used as the site of the Hughes house, a Greek Revival style dwelling which was completed in 1855. In the years following the Civil War Hughes experienced a number of financial problems and became unable to continue repayment of his debt for the land. An extended court battle ensued between the Hughes and Young families and ultimately the land was returned to the Youngs in 1883. The heir to the land, Colonel Ike J. Young, began working on plans for a significant redesign and rebuilding of the Hughes house.</p><br>
<p>It is widely speculated that well-known Philadelphia-based architect Samuel Sloan was commissioned to dramatically redesign the Hughes house. Sloan was working in North Carolina on another prominent structures in 1883, including the North Carolina Executive Mansion in Raleigh. Distinct similarities between the completed Mistletoe Villa and the Executive mansion, down to the final color scheme, are often cited by historians as evidence of Sloan&#39;s involvement in the design. As construction was nearing completion in 1885 Colonel Young made a trip to New York City in search of furnishings for the new home where suffered a stroke and died, never having the opportunity to claim the house as a home.</p><br>
<p>The newly over-built house extends beyond the original stone foundation of the Hughes house, which is still visible. A number of indoor elements, including floor boards, doors, lock hardware, mantels and others items were preserved and repurposed in the house. The completed house is an example of Queen Anne Style Victorian architecture and features multi-faceted detail woodwork. The house was originally lighted by carbide light fixtures which were fueled by gas generated on the property in a small brick building and piped into the house. Although unusual for the era, the house was equipped with indoor plumbing which was supplied and pressurized by a large reservoir in the attic which functioned similarly to a simple water tower. The house also contained other innovative elements for the time including a "speak tube" which would allow people in the dining room to communicate with servants in the kitchen on the floor below. A button was also integrated into the floor of the dining room which, when pressed, would alert servants downstairs that assistance was desired upstairs.</p><br>
<p>During World War II a 30-foot square iron widow&#39;s walk on the roof was donated to the USA Government, which was looking for scrap metal from civilians to aide in the war effort.</p><br>
<p>It is unknown exactly when the house was given its distinctive name but it has been attributed to "all the mistletoe that just drooled from the trees."</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>Mistletoe Villa was abandoned in 1964 and would remain unoccupied for more than a decade. Near the end of the 1970s the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was sold to the NC Historic Preservation Fund to search for a new owners. In 1979 a couple from Washington, D.C. bought the house after seeing it featured in an advertisement in a history-related publication. The couple would complete a 500-mile round trip every other-weekend to make repairs and would own the house until 1991. In addition to using the house as a weekend retreat and project they opened the house to the public and allowed for catered events and parties, a trend that would continue through some future owners as well. Future owners, Anthony & Janey Brown of Henderson NC, bought the property in 2004, and renovated it to its original splendor. Adding a water fountain, new roof, multiple foundation upgrades, multiple flower beds and splendid floral gardens, the property was used as an event space, hosting many weddings, receptions. proms, dances, state dinners and parties. The home was recently purchased by another local North Carolina couple who hope to continue the never ending work of bringing it back to its glory days.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Gardens Cemetery is a cemetery located in the Ashton Heights Historic District of Arlington, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The Columbia Gardens Cemetery is located at the southern boundary of the Ashton Heights Historic District and is one of its most prominent features.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was created by the Alexandria Park Association, incorporated in 1914 in Huntington, West Virginia. The president of the association was Colonel Robert Dye, former superintendent of the Arlington National Cemetery, and its principal founder was Julius Broh. Another founder was Harry Randolph Thomas, great-grandfather of the current president, Daun Thomas Frankland. The Thomas family has been responsible for the cemetery since it opened in 1917.</p><br>
<p>In the proposal to the Arlington County Board, the Association indicated the intent to "make a place that will be attractive as a park and a credit to the county."</p><br>
<p>Having won approval from the county, in November 1917, the Association&#39;s board of directors employed a landscape architect from Cleveland, Ohio, a Mr. Jenney, to prepare the design, specifications, and methods of procedure for operating a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Gardens Cemetery is an example of merging landscape design and city planning based on the principles set down in the late 19th century by designers such as Frederick Law Olmsted and subsequently developed by the City Beautiful movement. However, as opposed to the linear plans advocated by City Beautiful for urban design, Jenney preferred a more rural cemetery design, with winding roads and natural landscape features.</p><br>
<p>The "park" initially encompassed nearly thirty-eight adjoining acres, with an option to purchase an additional thirty acres.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Gardens Cemetery has been family operated for four generations. At present it is one of the few cemeteries in the Northern Virginia area offering available burial sites with the option of an upright monument. Other options range from columbarium niches to family mausoleums.</p><br>
<p>Upon entering the main gates on Arlington Boulevard, a main driveway passes a rose garden beyond which lie the winding alleys of the cemetery, providing a natural setting of dignity and grace for reflection on loved ones who have gone before.</p><br>
<p>Originally at Arlington National Cemetery and now at the top of the main driveway of the cemetery, the mausoleum where Admiral of the Navy George Dewey, was placed upon his death until he was moved by request of his wife to a crypt at Bethlehem Chapel of the Washington National Cathedral. The mausoleum was purchased from Arlington National in 1933 and has been used as a receiving vault.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the cemetery was blessed by the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond. On June 12, 2020, the bishop Michael Francis Burbidge blessed the cremation garden at Columbia Gardens.</p><br>
<h3>Updates</h3><br>
<p>Columbia Gardens Cemetery now has a very active presence on Facebook and Instagram. While the cemetery had kept a seemingly low profile in social networking in the past, management is moving to update technology and how it interacts with the changing demographic of the Metro DC community. Many people have passed its long red brick wall for years without ever realizing the expansive property inside its borders, others have the idea the cemetery is full. Still possessing several undeveloped acres and a newly opened cremation garden, management has also found much property previously believed to be unavailable.</p><br>
<p>A few items that set this idyllic environment apart from other privately owned, State regulated cemeteries in the Northern Virginia area is that this is the only one that allows headstones. Another is that it hasn&#39;t clear cut its trees to make room for burial space. Many cemeteries are just fields, Columbia Gardens is working towards status as an Arboretum. Finally is the diversity of families and cultures who have made Columbia Gardens the final resting place for their loved ones.</p><br>
<h3>Notable burials</h3><br>
<p>Frank Livingston Ball (1885–1966), member of the Senate of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Margaret A. Brewer (1930–2013) Brigadier General, USMC. First woman to attain the rank of general officer.</p><br>
<p>Roy Buchanan (1939–1988) guitarist and blues musician</p><br>
<p>Robert Carlyle Byrd (1917–2010) USA Senator from West Virginia</p><br>
<p>D. Jamison Cain (1926–2010), United States Postal Service employee known for coining the phrase ZIP code</p><br>
<p>Douglas Evans Coe (1928–2017) was associate director of the Christian organization, The Fellowship, (also known as a family of friends in Christ, the prayer breakfast groups).</p><br>
<p>Jo-Anne L. Coe (1933–2002) was the first woman to serve as Secretary of the United States Senate (1985–87), appointed by Bob Dole during his term as Senate Majority Leader in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Charles Noel Crosby (1876–1951) US Congressman from Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Robert Beacham Dillaway (1924–2015) His work on the Atlas program and applied advanced aerospace technology led to the Apollo space missions.</p><br>
<p>Warren Fales Draper (1883–1970) was Assistant Surgeon General and later Deputy Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service.</p><br>
<p>Tyler Drumheller (1952–2015) CIA officer</p><br>
<p>Edward Cunningham Eddie Foster (1887–1937) Major League Baseball player, third baseman</p><br>
<p>William C. Gloth (1886–1944), American football player and coach</p><br>
<p>Margaret Mary Heckler (née O&#39;Shaughnessy; 1931–2018) was an American politician, member of the Republican Party for Massachusetts who served in the United States House of Representatives for eight terms, from 1967 to 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. After her defeat in 1982, no woman would be elected to Congress from Massachusetts until Niki Tsongas in a special election in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Jerome Karle (1918–2013) Shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering a way to determine the structure of molecules.</p><br>
<p>Isabella Karle (1921–2017) an American scientist, who was instrumental in developing techniques to extract plutonium chloride from a mixture containing plutonium oxide. She received the Garvan–Olin Medal, Gregori Aminoff Prize, Bower Award, National Medal of Science, and the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award.</p><br>
<p>Oren Ritter Lewis (1902–1983) was a United States federal judge who authored the opinion on school desegregation in Virginia which was a basis for the 1954 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in Brown v. Board of Education.</p><br>
<p>Hung-Chang Lin (Jimmy Lin) (Chinese: 凌宏璋； pinyin: Líng Hóngzhāng) (1919–2009) was a Chinese-American inventor and a professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Maryland and inventor of the lateral transistor, wireless microphone and holder of over 60 patents.</p><br>
<p>J. Sterling Livingston (1916–2010), management consultant, professor and entrepreneur</p><br>
<p>J. Maynard Magruder (1900–1969), Virginia state delegate</p><br>
<p>Porter J. McCumber (1858–1933) USA Senator from North Dakota</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth "Lizzie" J. Phillips (née Magie; 1866–1948) was an American game designer and Georgist. She invented The Landlord&#39;s Game, the precursor to Monopoly, to illustrate teachings of the progressive era economist Henry George.</p><br>
<p>Brian Pohanka (1955–2005) American Civil War author, historian and preservationist</p><br>
<p>Jan Henryk de Rosen (John) (1891–1982) was a Polish artist and patriot who created murals and mosaic works in churches and shrines, including the Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, St. Matthew’s Cathedral and the Washington National Cathedral. A monument in his honor, designed by sculptor Gordon Kray, stands on the Avenue of the Meritorious at the Częstochowa Shrine in Doylestown, PA.</p><br>
<p>George N. Saegmuller (1847–1934) inventor of astronomical instruments</p><br>
<p>Ellen Isham Schutt (1873–1955), botanical illustrator for the USA Department of Agriculture</p><br>
<p>Romuald Spasowski (1921–1995), Polish ambassador to the United States and defector</p><br>
<p>Francis Eugene Worley (1908–1974) US Congressman from Texas</p><br>
<p>Lewis Elmer Worsham, Jr. (1917–1990) was an American professional golfer, the USA Open champion in 1947.</p><br>
<p>Everett Historic District is a rural village located within Cuyahoga Valley National Park. It is registered on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Everett is unique for being uncompromised by the pressures of suburban development. It represents a typical unincorporated hamlet of the turn of the 20th century rural America.</p><br>
<p>The historic district comprises the village buildings, dating from the 1880s to the 1930s, along with their outbuildings (a varied collection of outhouses, garages, chicken coops, barns, and a milk house. Everett formed due to the existence of Johnny Cake Lock on the Ohio and Erie Canal. The settlement was renamed Unionville, and still later Everett in honor of Sylvester T. Everett, the Valley Railway&#39;s vice president and treasurer.</p><br>
<p>The district overlaps part of the Everett Knoll Complex, an archeological district associated with the prehistoric Hopewell culture. This area was also used by the Civilian Conservation Corp for a nursery that played a key role in the development of the state and metropolitan parks in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Mills Historic District is a historic district in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Northeast Ohio in the United States. With the opening of the Ohio and Erie Canal in 1827, people began to settle in this vicinity. By 1842, there was a water-powered mill, a large warehouse, a boat-yard, two stores and a hotel, and the population was around 300. A number of houses and other buildings dating back to that period remain.</p><br>
<p>With the decrease in boat traffic on the canal the village declined somewhat, but its fortunes revived with the construction of the railway in 1880 and the arrival of the Cleveland—Akron Bag Company in 1900. This industry drew in many Polish immigrant workers, and housing and commercial premises were built. Many of these buildings remain today, intermingled with the older properties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, the Village of Boston Mills reflects the early 19th-century canal era and the early 20th-century industrial era. With the opening of the Ohio and Erie Canal from Cleveland to Akron in 1827, the settlement along the Cuyahoga River began to grow. By 1842, Boston Mills had a population of approximately 300. A water-powered mill, a large warehouse, two stores and a hotel were some of the businesses in the village. Canal boat building was also an important industry with several dry docks in this inland port. Although the canal is not watered through the village now, one of the system&#39;s locks is still extant and several Greek Revival frame buildings date from the early 19th century. The Upwright and Wing house type reflects the extended New England settlement culture. This style is exemplified by the main gable-front two-story section containing a parlor and bedchambers, while the kitchen is located in a perpendicular one-story eave oriented section. The 1836 Boston Company Store, with its Federal and Greek Revival influences, now serves as a Cuyahoga Valley National Park visitor center and canal boat building museum.</p><br>
<p>Although the village stagnated with the end of canal packet, or passenger boat era, the arrival of the Valley Railway in 1880 and the Cleveland—Akron Bag Company in 1900 began a new period of growth. Connecting the industries of Cleveland with the coal fields in the south, the Valley Railway provided raw resources and access to markets for industrial operations. The Cleveland—Akron Bag Company brought with it many Polish immigrant workers and new houses—built and sold by the company. Several patterned concrete block houses and a school remain from this era, along with a company store building. A somewhat later 20th-century building, the M. D. Garage has been restored, including period gas pumps and signage, and now houses art exhibits. The compact nature of the village creates streetscapes that juxtapose the buildings from each era.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Railway Historic District is a historic district partially located in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, extending from Independence to Akron, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Valley Railway was constructed in 1880 to link Cleveland&#39;s growing steel industry and the rich coal fields of the Tuscarawas River Valley, extending south to Zoarville. Although the first railroad came to Cleveland in 1854, the majority of the rail lines ran east–west and did not connect the metropolitan and industrial centers of Cleveland, Akron and Canton. The Valley Railway was built next to, and sometimes on top of, the Ohio and Erie Canal. The Valley Railway provided a faster transport for the coal needed to fuel the new industrial economy.</p><br>
<p>Although the railway primarily functioned as an industrial and freight carrier, the railway published "The Travelers and Tourists Guide to the Valley Railway!" to promote its passenger service. This guidebook describes the origins and character of many towns and notable natural features along the route. The Valley Railway brought an increase in noise and pollution to the quiet rural valley. The guidebook was a common promotional piece used to make the railway seem more recreational than industrial. Many believed that the presence of the railroad in pastoral landscapes all around the country, referred to as the "machine in the garden," represented a significant shift away from an agrarian society towards an industrial one.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 the Valley Railway became the Cleveland, Terminal and Valley Railway. In 1915 the line was absorbed into the Baltimore and Ohio system. Although many small independent lines from this era were absorbed into larger lines and acquired parallel tracks, the Valley Railway retains single track alignment and has been well preserved. A great deal of the track runs through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, which has preserved the cultural landscape of the valley and prevented modern intrusions into it. Today the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad runs excursion service extending from Cuyahoga County to Canton.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Kendall State Park Historic District is a historic district located near Peninsula, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Historic</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Kendall State Park Historic District consists of approximately 530 acres in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, and reflects the naturalistic landscape style and rustic architecture associated with the Civilian Conservation Corps. Cleveland coal baron and industrialist Hayward Kendall acquired this property in the first part of the 20th century for use as a hunting retreat. Upon his death in 1927 the property transferred to his wife, Agnes, with the stipulation that it would eventually become a park named in honor of his mother, Virginia. Agnes Kendall was not interested in the property and turned it over to the state in 1929.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 Harold S. Wagner, the Director-Secretary of the Akron Metropolitan Park District in Summit County, Ohio, filed with the National Park Service to create a Civilian Conservation Corps camp at Virginia Kendall Park. Approval of the application required evidence of the ability to work with the rustic architecture style. Harold Wagner partnered with Akron architect Albert Good, who had previously designed the rustic lodges of the adjacent Boy Scout Camp Manatoc. Good went on to edit Park and Recreation Structures and Park Structures and Facilities, which are the definitive "parkitecture" books for the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the park was transferred from the state to the county and national parks (at the time the latter was called the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area or CVNRA), and on January 1, 1978, the county portion was transferred to the CVNRA.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Kendall Park consists of four naturalistic style landscapes designed around the sandstone ledges that mark the prehistoric edges of Lake Erie. Built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, the drives, parking areas, meadows and wooded areas were all carefully laid out using the National Park Services master planning process. The buildings were incorporated into the landscape rather than the landscape framing the buildings. Man-made improvements to the landscape were designed to harmonize with the natural patterns. Locally quarried sandstone and wormy chestnut were used to construct numerous comfort stations and shelters that anchor "playstead" meadows. The shelters evidence sophisticated design and placement; the Octagon Shelter located on the top of a knoll, the Ledges Shelters rectilinear plan parallels the ledge wall face and the Lake Shelter sited at the base of a hill that fronts the man-made lake surrounded by rolling hills.</p><br>
<p>The Hudson Historic District is a historic district located in Hudson, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hudson was established in 1802 and named in honor of its founder, David Hudson, who led a settlement party from Goshen, Connecticut, to Connecticut&#39;s Western Reserve. This area of land had been part of the State of Connecticut during the colonial era, and even after Connecticut gave up its claims to western lands of the United States, it retained a portion of northeastern Ohio known as the Connecticut Western Reserve. Noted for its prominent role in the early settlement of northeast Ohio, the Village of Hudson retains much of its New England heritage. Centered by a town green, the town contains outstanding examples of Greek Revival architecture with some regional adaptations. High style examples of Victorian architecture are also found in Hudson.</p><br>
<p>When the Ohio and Erie Canal started operations through Peninsula, Hudson started to grow and flourish as the canal brought trade, industry and development to the region. Through the efforts of David Hudson, the Western Reserve College was established in 1826 and acquired the reputation of being “the Yale of the West.” Now a private preparatory school, Western Reserve Academy built an early observatory (1838), one of the first built in North America. Master builders Lemuel Porter and his son Simeon worked extensively in Hudson during the early 19th century. Many of their buildings bear a distinctive detail—a truss of wheat fanlight surround. This semi-elliptical element, mimicking cut wheat being held in the middle and dropping down on the ends, is found on the façade of the Bliss House (1831) which faces the town green. The Brewster Mansion, 1853, is an unusual Moorish influenced building that also fronts the green.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the town prospered with the arrival of railroad related commerce, but many citizens in Hudson over-speculated in the railroads and were financially ruined. In 1882 the college moved to Cleveland and a devastating fire (rumored as the result of a bar fight in the Lockhart Saloon, now Kepners Tavern) in 1892 destroyed Hudsons downtown area. Salvation for Hudson arrived in the form of returning son James W. Ellsworth. After making millions in the coal industry, Ellsworth returned to Hudson and decided to make it a “model town.” He planted trees, brought electrical service, paved streets, established a water and sewer system and in 1912 built the clock tower in the town green. The town has prospered ever since.</p><br>
<p>The Cascade Locks Historic District is a historic district located in Akron, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located immediately northwest of downtown Akron, the Cascade Locks Historic District is a ravine that opens up to a flat plane where the Ohio and Erie Canal empties into the Little Cuyahoga River. This area of the canal included the steepest grade of the entire 304 miles between Lake Erie to the Ohio River. The district was the site of many industrial operations during the 19th and early 20th centuries, fueled by the abundant hydraulic power created by the steep descent of the runoff from the parallel Crosby&#39;s Mill Race. Along with providing an industrial power source, canal operations provided ample time and traffic for commerce. With each lock, canal traffic stopped. There were 21 locks in the Akron area, and it took boats six hours to get through the two miles of canal. A popular establishment for canallers was located in the Cascade Locks area. Though it originally functioned as a cigar box plant with its own mill race, the Mustill Store was best known as a “swilling place” across from Lock 15.</p><br>
<p>The 1913 flood brought an end to the canal. Several locks were dynamited to prevent inundating the downtown area. The most damaged area of the canal included the cascade locks. The canal commission determined the system was not salvageable. Water from the Summit Lake is controlled by ODNR by a dam/gate system at Lock 1 to prevent the disaster that happened in 1913. From there, it flows unimpeded over the locks and into the Little Cuyahoga River. There are many varied buildings and sites within the district including the Mustill Store—now a visitor center and canal museum. The district also includes the site of the original mills of Ferdinand Schumacher—founder of Quaker Oats; two railroad bridges spanning the gorge; a steam plant and two rubber factories; numerous lock and waste way ruins. A footpath currently runs alongside the locks. The Ohio and Erie Canal towpath hike/bike trail is complete throughout the Cascade Lock Park and a bridge connect the trail from Harvard Avenue in Cuyahoga County to the Southern Boundary of urban Akron in Summit County.</p><br>
<p>Glendale Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located in Akron, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Glendale Cemetery was founded in 1839 by Dr. J.D. Commons. Here statues of prominent citizens, an avenue of stately mausoleums and a collection of headstones tell the story of Akrons past. Originally known as Akron Rural Cemetery, Commons modeled the design of the cemetery after Bostons Mount Auburn Cemetery, which he visited in 1838. Glendale is a picturesque romantic landscape with its curving roads, use of promontories to create vistas and a variety of architectural styles that draw upon ancient building forms. Mausoleums are modeled after Egyptian, Greek and Roman temples or Gothic churches. Nineteenth-century accounts described Glendale as “beautifully laid out in romantic drives and walks” and note its role as an area park and tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the cemetery had a stream and two bodies of water—Willow and Swan Lakes. Due to the increased development surrounding the cemetery during the late 19th century, the natural spring that fed the lakes dried up. The superintendent of the cemetery at that time proposed running a pipe to the Ohio and Erie Canal to re-water the lakes, but this was never realized. Today the open space or Great Meadow recalls the scale of Swan Lake and several mausoleums have small foot bridges that once crossed over the stream fronting them. Distinct sections of the cemetery are devoted to the Masons, Akron&#39;s Jewish community and infants and children. The Civil War is prominently commemorated in Glendale Cemetery. The Buckley Post of the Union Army has a large memorial marker surrounded by 50 headstones located on the northern plateau. The 1876 Gothic Revival style Memorial Chapel was constructed by the Buckley Post and has been recently restored.</p><br>
<h2>Akron Rural Cemetery Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery holds the Akron Rural Cemetery Buildings, a registered historic site, listed in the National Register on 1980-09-27. They are credited to prominent Akron architect Frank O. Weary. The four buildings are:</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Chapel, built in 1876 as an American Civil War monument and was erected by Buckley Post #12 Grand Army of the Republic.</p><br>
<p>The Bell Tower, built in 1883</p><br>
<p>The Caretakers Lodge, built in 1869</p><br>
<p>The Office, built in 1903</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Ohio Columbus Barber (1841–1920), industrialist and philanthropist; founder of the Barber Match Company and Barberton, Ohio</p><br>
<p>Ellsworth Bathrick (1863–1917), US Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Buchtel (1820–1892), businessman and founder of Buchtel College, the predecessor of the University of Akron</p><br>
<p>George Washington Crouse (1832–1912), US Congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles W.F. Dick (1858–1945), US Senator</p><br>
<p>Charles S. Howe (1858–1939), 2nd President of Case School of Applied Science (present-day Case Western Reserve University)</p><br>
<p>Lewis Miller.(1829–1899), philanthropist and inventor</p><br>
<p>Julia Perry (1927–1979), composer, conductor, and educator</p><br>
<p>George Edmond Pierce (1794–1871), 2nd President of Western Reserve College (present-day Case Western Reserve University)</p><br>
<p>Frank Seiberling (1859–1955), early 20th century industrialist; founder of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and the Seiberling Rubber Company.</p><br>
<p>John F. Seiberling (1918–2008), US Congressman and grandson of Goodyear founder F.A. Seiberling</p><br>
<p>William Hanford Upson (1823–1910), 19th century politician, lawyer, and judge</p><br>
<p>The Main–Market Historic District is a historic district located in Akron, Ohio. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Main–Market Street Historic District is the heart of the North Village of Akrons original town plat, created in August 1833. Developed to the north of the canal town of Akron, and eventually merged into one city, this area of Akron has long been a successful commercial center. The intersection of Main and Market is now a primary gateway into downtown Akron. The district reflects Akrons late 19th and early 20th century economic boom from the milling and rubber industries.</p><br>
<p>Buildings of note in the district include the Old Akron Post Office, an Italian Renaissance Revival building constructed in 1899 designed by James Knox Taylor. The brick building design is dominated by several large limestone trimmed archways and has a very low slope hip roof. No longer serving as a post office, the building is now the Akron Art Museum. One of the most dominant buildings in the district is the United Building, built by the United Cigar Store Company in 1924 at a cost of one million dollars. Designed in the Neo-Classical style, the building has the vertical orientation of a classical column, with the corner elevations clearly divided into separate base, shaft and capital sections.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Ohio Traction and Light Company building was constructed in the Beaux Arts style. Clad in white glazed terra cotta, the six-story building features colossal composite piers, arondel ornamented frieze and a Greek key sill course. The Carnegie Library is a buff sandstone building also designed in the style of Beaux Arts Classicism. The highly sculptural two-story building was designed by architect Frank O. Weary who designed several other prominent Akron buildings during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably the Glendale Cemetery Memorial Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Block-Hermes Building Building was constructed in 1870, but its Neo-classical stone ashlar façade now reflects the changes the district went through from the late 19th to the early 20th century. The elevation facing Maiden Lane Alley includes paired windows with round arch drip molding, reflecting its commercial Italianate origin. One of the first important cultural buildings, the Everett Building, was completed in 1871. Constructed in the Second Empire style with local sandstone and brick, the building housed a performance hall, offices and retail space. After an 1897 fire, owner S.T. Everett renovated the building and added two additional stories, making it primarily offices, although the Akron Public Library occupied the second story.</p><br>
<p>The Steinway Mansion  is at 18-33 41st Street on a quarter-acre hilltop in the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was constructed as a summer home from 1857-1858 at a cost of $85,000 on the Long Island Sound by Benjamin Pike Jr., a Manhattan-based manufacturer of optical and scientific instruments. After Benjamin Pike Jr.&#39;s death in 1864, his widow sold the mansion to William Steinway of Steinway & Sons in 1870. In response to the tenuous labor situation in Manhattan, Steinway expanded his Queens property to a massive 440 acres, upon which he would build the Steinway Piano Factory and what would become Steinway Village and the North Beach Amusement Park at Bowery Bay Beach. This area would eventually transform into LaGuardia Airport.</p><br>
<p>Jack Halberian, an Armenian-Turkish immigrant who came to the United States in 1913, purchased the mansion in 1926, shortly after being put up for sale by the Steinway family. However, due to its isolated location, the mansions electricity and running water had come from the nearby Steinway factory, and hence, once the Steinways left, said services were cut. This led to a massive financial undertaking during which Halberian installed new water lines and convinced the nearby Con Edison to build new power lines that connected his home to the larger grid. Upon Halberianss death in 1976, his son Michael Halberian inherited the property and began an extensive restoration.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a landmark in 1966, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Henry Z. Steinway, the last member of the Steinway family to be president of the piano company Steinway & Sons, said the "Steinway Mansion" name was misleading, because "the Halberians owned the mansion longer than the Steinways did".</p><br>
<p>The mansion was placed for sale after Michael Halberians death in 2010. The Friends of Steinway Mansion attempted unsuccessfully to raise $5 million and acquire the house. After years on the market, as well as numerous price reductions, Sal Lucchese and Phil Loria paid $2.6 million for the property in 2014. Parts of the surrounding land were then developed into commercial warehouses, leaving the mansion on a quarter acre of property. The nearly 150-year-old mansion was deteriorating quickly, so the mansions owners began a massive restoration that included the reconstruction of the mansion&#39;s grand balcony. In addition, to pay homage to both the Pike and Steinway families, the mansion was decorated with a grand Steinway piano and numerous original scientific instruments manufactured by the Pike company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Steinway Mansion is a large Italianate Villa-style dwelling. The architect is unknown. It is constructed of granite and bluestone with cast iron ornamentation and has a two-story, T-shaped central section gable roof. It has a one-story library, that is now an office, with a wing with large bay windows. It features a four-story tower topped by a balustrade and octagonal cupola. There are three porches supported by cast iron Corinthian order columns. There are five Italian marble fireplaces and pocket doors that hold original cut glass depicting many of Pike&#39;s 19th-century scientific instruments. The center main hall contains elaborately carved walnut balustrades, a two-story domed rotunda topped with a central stained glass skylight, 12 ft ceilings throughout. There are three large underground cisterns designed to collect rainwater from the roof for grounds irrigation and a 1000-gallon (1,000 usgal) copper tank in the attic to furnish the house with a pressurized water system for bath and kitchen use.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, a documentary film titled The Steinway Mansion was produced and includes extensive interviews with Michael Halberian and Henry Z. Steinway and many rare photos.</p><br>
<p>Fort Totten Officers Club, also known as the Castle, is a historic clubhouse located at Fort Totten in Bayside, Queens, New York. The officers club was built in the 1870s and expanded to its present size in 1887. It is a large Late Gothic Revival style building. It is a two-story, rectangular frame building with a projecting central tower pavilion and sheathed in clapboard. It features identical, polygonal, three story towers and a wood parapet surrounding the roofline.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Bayside Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The Castle is now home to the Bayside Historical Society, which focuses on the areas history. Exhibits include Bayside and Queens history and culture, as well as the buildings history.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Worthington Macomb House is a historic residence in southern Chillicothe, Ohio, United States. Located on South Paint Street,</p><br>
<p>The oldest of Governor Worthingtons daughters was Mary, who was born in 1797. Although Mary and her family lived in the grand Adena Mansion on Chillicothes northern side, she chose to marry lower in society circa 1816. Her new husband, David Macomb, was a member of a prominent local family, but his poor management of their property forced them into debt, and they settled in the southern United States, where Mary died while moving to Texas in 1836. Before moving southward, the Macombs resided in the present two-story house, which is built primarily of large blocks of sandstone.</p><br>
<p>After the Macombs&#39; departure, the property was converted for industrial uses. By 1845, multiple new buildings arose around the old structure, including a frame building and a slaughterhouse. These buildings are no longer on the property. In 1976, the Macomb House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically important architecture and because of its place in local history: most significant were its architecture, its role in commerce, and its place in the exploration and settlement of the local area. By the early twenty-first century, the house had deteriorated greatly; with the proposal of an influx of money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, applications were made for stimulus dollars to restore the house, and a complete restoration was estimated to cost approximately $500,000.</p><br>
<p>The Dobbin Round Barn is a historic building located near State Center in rural Marshall County, Iowa, United States. The true round barn was built in 1919 by Ike Ingersol and Amos Thomson. It was built from a Gordon Van Tine Co. kit for $6,000. It features white vertical siding, a two-pitch roof, louvered cupola and a 12 ft diameter central silo. The barn has a diameter of 60 ft. It was built as a dairy and horse barn. The barn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986. It is currently owned by Daniel Dobbin.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Cooper Township is a historic building located in Cooper Township southwest of Mapleton in rural Monona County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1921 by Seth Smith. An auctioneer had this barn built to sell his purebred cattle. The building is a true round barn that measures 38 ft in diameter. The barn features white vertical siding, a conical roof, and an aerator. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>Primitive Hall is a brick house built in 1738 in rural Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States, by Joseph Pennock. The house was occupied by his descendants until 1960, when it was donated to and restored by a foundation controlled by his descendants. The house was listed by the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Pennock (1677–1771) made a mysterious note in his Bible concordance dated September 14, 1738, "then my impostum brok and the Seme year I Bilt my nu Hous" which is taken to mean that Primitive Hall was built in 1738.</p><br>
<p>Joseph married Mary Levis in 1705 and moved to West Marlborough Township by 1714. Mary bore 12 children and died in 1748. The foundations of a circa 1710 house are nearby. The family presumably lived in this house before moving into their new house, Primitive Hall, by 1740. During the early 1700s West Marlborough Township was on the frontier and Joseph reportedly left food out for Native Americans who would drop in and sleep in the central hall.</p><br>
<p>Joseph was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly from 1716 to 1744 and was also a Justice of the peace, performing his judicial duties in the old Chester Courthouse., see pages 144-146, 280 Iron bars in one of the cellar windows suggest that the cellar was used as a jail until the accused were transported to Chester. Joseph&#39;s son, Nathaniel, also served in the Pennsylvania Assembly, until his resignation in 1756 at the start of the French and Indian War, on the basis that a Quaker should not be a part of a government that was in a state of war.</p><br>
<p>The house is furnished with much of its original furniture, including a settle bench that folds out into a bed. A table that Joseph bought from the old Chester Courthouse, the largest of its kind in the United States, still stands in the center hall of the house.</p><br>
<p>The name "Primitive Hall" was first recorded about 1846 but is believed to be much older.</p><br>
<p>The building faces south and measures 52 2" across the front and 40 along the sides. It was adapted from standard plans developed by William Penn for townhouses in Philadelphia - more precisely, it is two standard townhouses placed side by side, with a large brick floored center hall in between.</p><br>
<p>The east and west sections each have a separate cellar and a separate chimney, but the central hall does not have a cellar. Corner fireplaces in each room connected to the sections single chimney. A staircase in the central hall ascends from the first to the third floor. A dozen of the houses windows were very large for their time, typically including 30 individual panes. A modern one-story brick kitchen was added to the north side of the house sometime after 1971.</p><br>
<p>The house is closely associated with the owners of the Lukens Steel Company of Coatesville, Pennsylvania. Isaac Pennock, a son or grandson of Joseph, started in the iron business in the 1790s. The business expanded under his son-in-law, Dr. Charles Lukens, and after Lukenss death in 1825, under Isaacs daughter, Rebecca Pennock Lukens. She was one of the first women owner-managers of a major industrial enterprise in the United States. After Rebeccas retirement in 1847, the business was run by her son-in-law Dr. Charles Huston. Stewart Huston, Charless grandson, was a long-time executive of Lukens Steel and the last occupant of Primitive Hall, with ownership of the house never having left the family. In 1960 he deeded the house to the Primitive Hall Foundation, whose board is composed of descendants of Joseph Pennock.</p><br>
<p>The Round Barn, Washington Township is a historic building located near Sciola in rural Montgomery County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1917 as a hog barn. Typical of a barn built for this use in features a multitude of windows on the wall and on the cupola, which provided light and ventilation. The building is a 24-sided structure that measures 60 ft in diameter. The barn features red vertical siding, a 12-section cupola, and a two-pitch sectional roof. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Eckle Round Barn is a historic building that was located near Shelby in rural Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. The true round barn was built by Ed Brown and George Robinson in 1928 for Richard Eckle. It has a diameter of 54 ft. The barn featured white horizontal siding, a two-pitch sectional roof, aerator and a central clay tile silo with a 14 ft diameter. The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It has subsequently been torn down.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Mitchell House is a historic residence in southern Monroe County, Indiana, United States. Located on Ketcham Road west of the community of Smithville, it is one of the oldest houses in Monroe County, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1823, Kentucky resident Joseph Mitchell was awarded a land grant in present-day Monroe County in return for his service in the War of 1812. Six years later he moved his family to the site; here he built a log cabin, but as the years passed, it became insufficient for the familys needs. Accordingly, Mitchell constructed the present brick house in 1835, adding its final details two years later; the clay for its bricks was dug on his farm, and the bricks were fired in a kiln adjacent to the house site. After living in the house for fifteen years, Mitchell and his family moved to Iowa; they sold the property to Josephs younger brother John, and it remained in the ownership of the Mitchell family until 1922. Starting in that year, it began to pass through the hands of several different owners before being purchased by longtime owners William and Nelda Christ in 1973; as of 2011, they still owned the property.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Mitchell built his house in the shape of the letter "L," one story high and in the Federal style of architecture. The building rests on a foundation of rubble masonry, and it is covered with a gabled roof with eaves and boxed cornices. The roof appears to have been built originally with wooden shingles, although the present shingles are now made of asphalt.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor, the house features a main facade that looks toward the west; four bays wide, it includes three large windows and an off-center door; the original windows were replaced in the 1980s in a fashion similar to the originals. Toward the south, there are no windows and only a single doorway, which allows access to the basement; the plain gabled wall appears once to have been hidden by a porch that was removed due to structural deterioration. Toward the east, only one small window allows light into the house, while the northern end is unpierced by windows. The interior of the "L" lies north and east of the house; multiple doors and windows open onto it.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house is divided into four rooms: a parlor, a bedroom, a "keeping room," and the kitchen. Soon after the house was constructed, a frame addition was constructed on the house&#39;s northern end; it included a loft in which family members once slept. Significant elements of the interior include four large fireplaces, large mantels, ornate trim, and white-painted poplar wood. Its floor plan is typical of the "hall-and-parlor" style of house, which typically features two large rooms or two pairs of rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, the Joseph Mitchell House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As the third-oldest house in Monroe County, it was deemed significant primarily because of its architecture, despite the presence of alterations such as the removal of the original porch. It is part of a group of historic houses on Ketcham Road, although it is the oldest and most historically significant of them, and it is one of more than forty National Register-listed properties and historic districts countywide.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Blanchard, Charles, ed. Counties of Morgan, Monroe and Brown, Indiana: Historical and Biographical. Chicago: F.A. Battey, 1884.</p><br>
<p>The Western Promenade is a historic promenade, an 18.1 acre public park and recreation area in the West End neighborhood of Portland, Maine. Developed between 1836 and the early 20th century, it is one Portlands oldest preserved spaces, with landscaping by the Olmsted Brothers, who included it in their master plan for the citys parks. The promenade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Western Promenade occupies land overlooking a bluff on the western side of the Portland peninsula. It is bounded on the north by the Maine Medical Center complex, the east by the Western Cemetery and a historic 19th-century residential neighborhood (listed on the National Register as the Western Promenade Historic District), and the west by Valley Street. The park is now over 18 acre in size, and basically linear in shape. The park provides views to the west which include the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The steep slope of the bluff is wooded, except for a section near West Street where a trail is cut down to Valley Street. The network of trails on the bluff is essentially that laid out by John C. Olmsted in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The city began acquiring land on the peninsulas western bluff as early as 1836, since it had long been recognized for its scenery and views, and there was public pressure for increased open space on the increasingly urbanized peninsula. At some point a tree-lined drive was built along the bluff. Beginning in the late 1870s, city engineer William Goodwin championed efforts to further improve the park. In the 1890s and 1900s, Mayor James Phinney Baxter engineered the expansion of the park to its present dimensions, and hired the Olmsted Brothers to oversee a landscaping plan for the park, and to develop a master plan for the citys parks. Design work on the Western Promenade is credited to John C. Olmsted and Henry Vincent Hubbard, then an apprentice with the Olmsted firm.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The Western Promenade name also applies to the neighborhood adjacent to the park itself. In the nineteenth century, the land was owned by industrialist John Bundy Brown, who was one of the wealthiest men in Maine. He owned a sugar refinery (the Portland Sugar Company) in which a mainly Irish immigrant workforce refined molasses into raw granulated sugar. He built the "Bramhall" mansion, which stood behind todays 147–163 Western Promenade, as well as homes for his children. After his death, the mansion was demolished, the 10 acre of land bounded by Bowdoin Street, Pine Street, Vaughan Street and Western Promenade was sold parcel by parcel, and the present neighborhood was built. It is home to a significant number of mansions and historic homes originally built for Portlands wealthiest and most powerful residents. The Western Promenade Historic District encompasses many of the homes in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Western Promenade Neighborhood Association was founded in 1973 and describes itself as "dedicated to the uplifting, improvement, beautification, home security, and preservation of the Bramhall Hill section of Portland with particular interest in the historical and cultural nature of the neighborhood." As of 2021, its president is former mayor Anne Pringle.</p><br>
<p>The Western Promenade Historic District encompasses a late 19th-and early 20th-century neighborhood in the West End of Portland, Maine. This area of architecturally distinctive homes was home to three of the citys most prominent architects: Francis H. Fassett, John Calvin Stevens, and Frederick A. Tompson, and was Portlands most fashionable neighborhood in the late 19th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Prior to about 1850, much of Portland&#39;s development took place in the central portion of the Portland peninsula, whose western end was somewhat swampy. Most of the southwestern portion of the peninsula, between Danforth and Congress Streets, was owned by J. B. Brown, who in the mid-1850s built a large mansion house (called "Bramhall"). The city had, in 1836, acquired some land at the western escarpment, and established the Western Promenade, a public park. The Western Cemetery acreage had been purchased from the heirs of William Vaughan in 1829 and opened as the new municipal cemetery in 1830. All of its family plots had been sold by 1852. In the 1860s, the city began to grow westward, and Brown platted out a road network and began selling off building lots, draining and filling the swampy areas.</p><br>
<p>Prominent among the purchasers of land in the area was Francis H. Fassett, the city&#39;s leading architect of the second half of the 19th century. His own home stands at 117–119 Pine Street, and he is credited with a significant number of designs in the neighborhood. Fassett was a mentor to John Calvin Stevens, who lived on Bowdoin Street in the West End. His house is a notable early example of the Shingle style, which Stevens had a major role in promoting, and his designs are also found throughout the area.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is bounded on the west by the Western Promenade, the north by Bramhall and Brackett Streets, on the south by Danforth Street, and the east by a ragged line that roughly includes Clark, Cushman, and Emery Streets. There are 420 buildings in the district, representing a diversity of architectural styles which were popular between 1850 and 1920. There are architect-designed examples of Second Empire, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Shingle styles, with a notable row of houses lining the Western Promenade. Among those is the Adam P. Leighton House, an Italianate mansion designed by Frederick A. Tompson for Adam Leighton, a Portland businessman and mayor who is credited with inventing the postcard.</p><br>
<p>P.S. 66 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School, formally known as Brooklyn Hills School, is a historic school building in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. It was designed by architect C. B. J. Snyder  and built in 1898. It is a -story brick structure in the Romanesque style. It has a prominent, off-center tower with belfry. It features a slate roof and decorative stucco frieze. The school has a fortress-like appearance, including prominent round arches highlighting window openings, and a distinctive six-story tower. The building was restored in 2001 and remains in use as a New York City Public School.</p><br>
<p>P.S. 66 is also a relic from the time when Richmond Hill was a farming community, and was transitioning into an urban residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. In 2008, Caroline Kennedy petitioned the New York City Council to make P.S. 66 into a New York City designated landmark. It was listed as a New York City landmark in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Douglaston Hill Historic District is a national historic district in Douglaston, Queens, New York. It includes 83 contributing buildings and two contributing sites. The buildings include Zion Episcopal Church , houses and garages, and commercial buildings. The sites are Zion cemetery and public park. It was laid out with very large lots in 1853, at the very beginning of a movement in the United States to create suburban gardens. The buildings include a number of fine examples of late-19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles such as Queen Anne, Shingle Style, and Colonial Revival. The majority of the buildings date between 1890 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The area was recognized as a New York City designated landmark district in December 2004 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, some numbered streets in the historic district were renamed to their original names, with 43rd Avenue becoming Pine Street.</p><br>
<p>Grove–Linden–St. John&#39;s Historic District is a national historic district in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. It includes 51 contributing buildings built between 1908 and 1910. They consist of three story brick tenements with two apartments per floor. There are also a number of two- and three-story row houses with one apartment per floor. The buildings feature Romanesque Revival style detailing.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Seneca–Onderdonk–Woodward Historic District is a national historic district in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. It includes 211 contributing buildings built in 1911–1912. They consist mainly of three story brick tenements with two apartments per floor. The buildings feature amber brick facades with burnt orange brick bases and trim.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Woodbine–Palmetto–Gates Historic District is a national historic district in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. It includes 91 contributing buildings built between 1908 and 1911. They consist mainly of three story brick tenements with two apartments per floor. The buildings feature amber brick facades with burnt orange brick bases and trim.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>75th Avenue–61st Street Historic District is a national historic district in Glendale, Queens, New York. It includes 183 contributing buildings built between 1910 and 1925. They consist mainly of two story brick row houses with one apartment per floor. Building features include round and box front dwellings, cast stone detailing, brownstone stoops, pressed metal cornices, and covered porches.</p><br>
<p>It includes the following addresses:</p><br>
<p>60th Lane</p><br>
<p>75-02 to 75-50</p><br>
<p>75-01 to 75-49</p><br>
<p>61st St</p><br>
<p>72-28 to 72-72</p><br>
<p>72-31 to 72-69</p><br>
<p>75-02 to 75-50</p><br>
<p>75-01 to 75-49</p><br>
<p>62nd St</p><br>
<p>75-02 to 75-34</p><br>
<p>75-15 to 75-29</p><br>
<p>74-18 to 74-46</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>68th Avenue–64th Place Historic District is a national historic district in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. It includes 46 contributing buildings built between 1909 and 1913. They consist mainly of two story brick row houses with one apartment per floor. Buildings feature alternating yellow, amber, brown and burnt orange speckled brick and cast stone detailing in the Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Vinegar Hill Historic District is a historic district and neighborhood in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Built primarily in the second quarter of the twentieth century, and located a few blocks south of Indiana University Bloomington campus, Vinegar Hill has been the home of leading Indiana University faculty members. It has inspired literary attention, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Rapid growth in the importance of Bloomingtons limestone industry made limestone company executives wealthy and created heavy demand for skilled stonecutters in the city. As limestone became the citys leading industry in the 1920s, an apple orchard was removed to permit the extension of First Street eastward up a long hill and the platting of a new neighborhood. Several other city neighborhoods, such as the distinctive Prospect Hill, already bore topographical names; according to local tradition, the fermentation of apples from the orchard produced a distinctive smell that became the neighborhoods namesake. The first families to build houses in this new development were those of stonecutters, many of whom were European immigrants. Leading among these families were the Donatos, whose members built seven significant houses in the neighborhood. Because so many of the new residents were skilled stoneworkers, they decorated their houses with carvings and sculptures that would have been far too expensive for all but the richest members of society. At the top of Vinegar Hill were the mansions of the wealthy limestone executives; like the workers houses below them, these homes featured ornate stonework with images such as those of the children of the homeowners. Yet other residents of the district were some prominent Indiana University faculty, including sexology professor Alfred Kinsey, music dean Winfred Merrill, and Nobel-winning biology professor Hermann Muller.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>As limestone workers and owners, the residents of Vinegar Hill naturally looked to limestone as the material for their own houses. and the four houses built by Christopher Donato also include elaborate transoms and lintels. The most prominent houses in the neighborhood are the hilltop homes of the wealthy near the eastern end of the district; here may be found styles such as Tudor Revival and Georgian-influenced Colonial Revival. and multiple Spanish Colonial Revivals are among the most significant residences of the lower part of the hill. Among the books that have concentrated on the architecture of Vinegar Hill is Carol Shields&#39; novel The Stone Diaries, in which the neighborhood is part of the setting for much of the novel.</p><br>
<p>Closely related to the neighborhoods distinctive architecture is the unusually significant lawn furniture present around many of the houses. Objects such as detailed individual portraits, carvings of lions and griffins, and sculptures of children make the neighborhood unique: it is the only neighborhood anywhere in Indiana in which lawn furniture is a major element of the areas historic nature.</p><br>
<h2>Historic assessment</h2><br>
<p>Between 1999 and 2001, historic preservation officials working with the city of Bloomington surveyed the entire city and identified over two thousand buildings that were deemed to be historic to one extent or another, most of which were concentrated in several historic districts. Eight of Vinegar Hill&#39;s contributing properties received an "Outstanding" rating, and thirteen were deemed "Notable;" only thirty-one were called "Contributing."</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a movement started to have Vinegar Hill accorded the national recognition that it was seen as lacking, and the city received a historic preservation grant from the state government for use in the district. In an attempt to have it nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, an Indiana University class began collecting detailed information about the district&#39;s houses and interviewed many residents in order to gather support for the proposed nomination. Support grew for according federal recognition to the neighborhood, and it was officially added to the National Register on June 17, 2005. Although the city-designated historic district encompasses fifty-two contributing properties, all of which are buildings, the area designated as historic by the federal government comprises seventy-one contributing buildings and thirty-eight other contributing sites, structures, and objects.</p><br>
<h2>Table of contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Appearing in the table below are the buildings included within the boundaries of the city-designated historic district.</p><br>
<p>Vernal Presbyterian Church is a historic church near Lucedale, Mississippi in the unincorporated community of Vernal.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The church is a one-story, gable fronted rectangular example of Gothic Revival style architecture. The building faces south fronting a road that runs from Vernal River Road to Winborn Chapel Road. An approximately 55 ft tall tower rises from a foyer in front of the sanctuary. The sanctuary has a steep gable roof covered with shingles. The tower has a belfry with open handrails and a very steeply angled steeple roof. There are two windows with Gothic art glass transoms flanking the entry. The character of the building is further enhanced by the five windows on the east and west elevation with similar transoms. The rear elevation (north) contains an addition for a Sunday school from 1954 and a wing added to that addition of a fellowship hall from 1974. Inside the sanctuary ceiling is 20 ft high and original fittings and details remain. These include choir seating and a lectern as well as a communion table and pulpit chairs from the congregation&#39;s previous church.</p><br>
<p>The items from the old church were donated by Captain Murdoch who is said to have brought them from Mobile, Alabama via ox-drawn cart. The congregation first organized in 1880 mostly from Scottish and Irish Americans. They built the old church in 1882. Plans to build the current Vernal Presbyterian Church were made in 1905 and it was built in from 1906 to 1908 entirely by volunteers from the congregation. The address of the church is 455 McInnis-Vernal Road. The property was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 2002.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2022, the congregation is a member of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
